Digital Religiosity among Muslim Adolescents in the Society 5.0 Era: Developing the SPIDREL Model through Islamic Education

Abstract

Society 5.0 has transformed how Muslim adolescents construct and express religiosity through digital media. This study explores adolescents’ religious experiences on social media and develops the SPIDREL model as a framework for understanding Islamic digital religiosity. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, the study involved five Muslim adolescents aged 16–22 years who actively engaged with Islamic content on Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, virtual observation, and digital documentation and analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that social media functions as a secondary socialization agent and a non-formal educational space where adolescents construct, internalize, and reflect on Islamic values through content sharing, mutual reminders, muhasabah, spiritual development, and ethical adaptation. The study develops SPIDREL, comprising seven elements: Socialization Secondary Agent, Process of Construction, Islamic Values Integration, Digital Reflection and Introspection, Religiosity Reinforcement, Educational Outcome, and Learning Adaptation. The model demonstrates how digital religiosity can strengthen spiritual resilience while maintaining Islamic ethics and noble character